What it Takes to Become an Oral Surgeon - Jake Hardin

  Oral surgeons treat medical and dental problems involving the oral cavity and maxillofacial area. These areas include the bones of the face, forehead, jaw, and other soft tissues around these areas. Most oral surgeons have degrees in both medicine and dentistry, which is why they are kind of a mixture of a dentist and a medical doctor.

Oral Surgeons Work Done:

   Maxillofacial and Oral Surgeons usually deal with things along the lines of reconstructive surgery and different treatments in repairing "structural abnormalities involving the mouth, neck or face" (Persson para. 3). Another thing these surgeons are frequently involved in are the treatments of oral cancer. They'll do anything from the removal of tumors to the reconstruction of different parts of the face, such as the mouth or jaw. Lastly, oral surgeons can also perform different surgeries involving the removal of teeth as well as numerous dental procedures

Training to Become a Oral Surgeon:

   The amount of training and education needed to become an oral surgeon is very time consuming. Expect to be in school for at least 8 years if you are hoping to become something in the field of dentistry, like a surgeon or orthodontist. After graduating with a four-year degree you will eventually have to take the DAT, and if you do well on that then you are off to dental school for at least 4 years.

   If you manage to make it past dental school, then you can apply for surgical residency which usually lasts anywhere from four to six years for oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Once the residency is completed, surgeons are able to take an extensive exam which officially makes them board certified in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Salary of a Oral Surgeon:

   After becoming board certified as an oral surgeon, expect to be making anything in the six-figure salary range. The average salary in the United States for oral surgeons is $212,303; for location and years of experience play a large role in determining the salary of these surgeons.

 
   Forbes.com rated oral surgeons as the fourth best paying job in the U.S., which makes sense because the average salary is so high. You have to remember even though the annual salary for this job is very high it takes years to actually start making money, and the cost of education is through the roof. However, if you do not mind putting in the years of work, then becoming an oral surgeon will definitely be worth it in the end.

Works Cited:

Farnen, Karen. "What Do You Need to Do to Become an Oral Surgeon?" What Do You Need to Do to Become an Oral Surgeon? Hearst Newspapers, LLC, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2016.

"Oral Surgeon Salary (United States) United States Home Change Country Don't See What You Are looking For? Get A Free Custom Salary Report »." Oral Surgeon Salary. Payscale, Inc., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2016.

Persson, Ricky. "Becoming an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon." Gap Medics US. Gap Medics, 01 Aug. 2014. Web. 28 Feb. 2016.

Prompt #8 Practicing Your Knowledge- Bradley Robinson

As a nurse or any form of doctor, simple first aid and CPR are a required certification. Being a Kinesiology major a base course here at Michigan State is Kin 125 or First Aid and CPR. We are halfway through the semester and have taken one practical test and one exam. The practical test is when you demonstrate on a dummy CPR and other first aid skills. For me I picked it up real quick and was ready for my practical and eased through it. Others could be a different story since we do not get to practice it hands on as much as we would like. Learning hands-on can be very helpful and beneficial compared to learning from lecture.

           

Personally I learned a lot better hands-on in the lab for my class then I did from the lectures. When the professor is standing in front of a semi-large class, talking about images on a screen, it can be hard to focus and really be able to complete the task yourself. Every time we went down to lab and actually practiced CPR on the dummies I gained more confidence in my knowledge. It also really helps that throughout the hands-on learning the professor is there to instruct and guide you along. This helps a lot more than just lectures in the classroom. Another thing for me that is better than lectures, but still not as good as hands-on are the video demonstrations we watch. The videos for me really allow me to see first then try it myself.

          

 Learning is different for everyone, for me hands-on learning allows me to grasp the concept the best, but others might prefer the lectures or videos.

CRE: The new superbug- Diajah Williams

Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is a family of gram-negative bacteria that are nearly immune to the carbapenem class of antibiotics, which is considered the "drug of last resort" for these infections. Labeled, "One of the three greatest threats to human health" by the World Health Organization, these dangerous pathogens can cause infections in the urinary tract, lungs, blood, and other areas. These bacteria are members of related bacterial genera that are commonly found almost everywhere in the world, often inhibiting humans and animals. However, CRE possess a unique genetic makeup that allows the bacteria to make a component (an enzyme) that protect CRE bacteria from a powerful antibiotic, Carbapenem.

The hereditary qualities of Enterobacteriaceae are perplexing; numerous genera and strains have hereditary material that codes for safety against numerous sorts of antibiotics. Tragically, as a strain creates imperviousness to an antibiotic, not just does it get to be impervious to that antibiotic, the qualities that present imperviousness to one antibiotic get to be connected to one another. Hence, as different antibiotic resistance occurs, the genetic material can become linked together thus conferring antibiotic resistance to several antibiotics in a single bacterial strain.

Klebsiella species and Escherichia coli are examples of Enterobacteriaceae, a normal part of the human gut bacteria, that can become carbapenem-resistant.

CRE is a Healthcare-associated Infections (HAI) Healthcare associated infections are infections that patients and healthcare providers develop during the course of receiving and giving healthcare treatment for other conditions.
It causes a number of different diseases, ranging from pneumonia to urinary tract infections, to serious bloodstream or wound infections.


The symptoms vary depending on the disease. CRE infection typically occurs in ill patients and patients with exposure to acute and long-term care settings.




CRE was first detected in a North Carolina hospital in 2001. Since that time, it has been identified in health care facilities in 41 other states. Studies showed that in 2012, 3% of patients in Chicago-area ICUs carried CRE. The same data indicated a 30% infection rate in long-term care facilities though not all patients are symptomatic. During just the first half of 2012, almost 200 hospitals and long-term acute care facilities treated at least one patient infected with these bacteria.


Specialists dread CRE as the new "superbug". The microbes kill up to 50% of patients who get circulation system infections,a rate much higher than other safe diseases, for example, MRSA or Clostridium difficile. The bacteria are likewise in some cases alluded to as "nightmare bacteria".

Presently, the flare-up of CRE microbes is little. On the other hand, it may not remain that way. Different specialists realize that numerous strains of Enterobacteriaceae can be dangerous and hard to treat even without being impervious to generally anti-infection agents.

There are currently few antibiotic options for treating CRE infections. Invasive CRE infections have been associated with >40% mortality.

Davis, Charles Patrick. “CRE Bacteria Infection (Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae).” Ed. John  P. Cunha. MedicineNet.com. MedicineNet, n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2016. <http://www.medicinenet.com/cre_infection/article.htm>.

Render Media. “Deadly Bacteria Causing Incurable Blood Infections In Hospitals.” Opposing Views. Render Media, Inc., 6 Mar. 2013. Web. 23 Feb. 2016. <http://www.opposingviews.com/i/health/deadly-bacteria-causing-incurable-blood-infections-hospitals>.

Are Sports Drinks Just as Harmful to Kids' Teeth as Soda? - Jake Hardin

How Sweet is it? 

  

  During those hot summer days kids will grab the first drink they see to stay cool and hydrated. Most of the time they'll end up picking up the most sugary item to quench their thirst, such as drinks like Gatorade and Capri Sun. However, consuming too many of these different kinds of beverages can be harmful to children's teeth and overall health. This is why it is advised by many different practices to limit the number of sports drinks and other sugary beverages you or your child consumes, in hopes that this will help prevent cavities. 

  A study from the Harvard School of Public Health found that some of the leading energy drinks and cola brands contain up to 42 grams of sugar in just 12 ounces of beverage, while the leading sport drinks contained anywhere up to 21 grams of sugar. That being said, some of the leading energy and sports drinks have the greatest likelihood of causing potential erosion on the roots and enamel of teeth 

  One simple solution to make sure you don't get cavities because of these sugary drinks is to limit how many fluid ounces you consume each day. For instance, instead of drinking your normal amount of 32 ounces of Gatorade a day, cut that down to 12 ounces and drink more water as an alternative. Drinking more water is encouraged because it's a great option for staying hydrated, both while doing physical activity or for whenever you just feel thirsty. 

The following graph provides data showing the calories and number of teaspoons of sugar in various beverages. The 'red' spoons are drinks that you should drink every once in a while (infrequently). The 'yellow' spoons are options that you can drink more of, but it is still advised to not drink too much of that specific drink. Lastly, the 'green' spoons are beverages that are your best and most healthy option.

"The Nutrition Source." Hsph.Harvard.edu. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. N.d.                 Web. 01 Feb. 2016.

http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-drinks/how-sweet-is-it/index.html

Prompt #10: Recognizing Truth- Diajah Williams

All fields of study have their misrepresentations and stereotypes. Exploring what the outside world thinks of our field, that is, the wonderful wold of medicine, allows us to analyze where these misconceptions came from and to properly address them.

Huge targets of the stereotypes in the medical field are the kings and queens that hail over the field, almost in its entirety: the doctors. People seem to specifically attack them and while they are human and do make mistakes (or bad decisions), as a unit, doctors do their civil duty with pride and dignity. 

There are a lot of videos, stories, TV shows and more media outlets that voice their biased opinions on doctors and the medical field. A lighthearted and transparent example of this is the original Fox series, Family Guy. Family Guy blatantly attacks almost all of societys shortcomings and the show doesn't hold back on doctors either.

On the show, the Griffins (the main family) have a family doctor named Doctor Hartman. Below are a couple of clips from the show portraying this doctor in stereotypical means.

CLIP 1:

CLIP 2:

Between the two video clips, there are a few stereotypes/ misconceptions represented that caught my attention. These, along with the example from the videos, are as follows:

What's shown (clip 1):

• Dr. Hartman explaining that he doesn't really know what Viagra is for and blindly prescribed it as an antidepressant to a patient of his.

What's being said (clip 1):

• Doctors do not really know or care about the medicines that they give to their patients. 
• Doctors don't truly care for their patients like they should.

What's shown (clip 2): 

• In the middle of a life- threatening surgery, Dr. Hartman takes a smoke break in the middle of the OR, equipped with a cigarette and loud rock music.

What's being said (clip 2):

• Doctors are hypocrites because he is smoking and even though doctors know better than anyone else the serious hazards of tobacco use. 
• Doctors aren't courteous of their patients.

Why this is wrong:

• Doctors are under the AMA Code of Ethics and therefore cannot perform any unethical task mentioned in the clips without IMMEDIATE termination and several different criminal charges.
• People think they are just "given anything" because in modern medicine, the symptoms are  sometimes the only factor of a patients diagnosis treated, but ONLY when that is the only treatment necessary.
• Most doctors really do care about their patients and the doctor- patient relationship has been improving over the years. Click here for evidence of this claim.
• Labeling a specific group of people, in this case, as hypocrites, is always wrong. Groups are made of collective individuals and those individuals make decisions as an individual.

These, of course, aren't even a third of the stereotypes of doctors, let along the entire medical field. Regardless, it is important to remember one thing, as said by Dean Koontz: "Civilization rests on the fact that most people do the right thing most of the time." In terms of medicine, the medical field rests on the fact that most doctors do the right thing most of the time. So rather than scrutinizing an entire group for the shortcomings of a small number of individuals, appreciate that the vast majority of doctors do what they're supposed to do, and it is all for the health of the us.

American Medical Association. “AMA’s Code of Medical Ethics.” American Medical Association. American Medical Association, 1995-2015. Web. 19 Feb. 2016. <http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics/opinion8021.page>.

Maraveyias, Joy. Dr Hartman’s Break. YouTube. Google, 9 Aug. 2014. Web. 19 Feb. 2016. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptGIf64YZOA>.

Prodigy, Martyr. Family Guy - SE12-9 “Peter Problems” (Dr.Hartman Scene). YouTube. Google, 17 Jan. 2014. Web. 19 Feb. 2016. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qoewYZZolpI>.

Tse, Iris. “In Better Health: Doctor- patient relationships I’mproving.” NBCNews.com. NBCNews.com, 27 Feb. 2011. Web. 21 Feb. 2016. <http://www.nbcnews.com/id/41809130/ns/health-health_care/t/better-health-doctor-patient-relationships-improving/#.VsePSTbLSu5>.

Nurse Anesthetist vs. Anesthesiologist- Bradley Robinson

A common misconception in the public’s eye is that an Anesthesiologist is the same as a Nurse Anesthetist, this is untrue.

Nurse Anesthetist

A nurse anesthetist is a certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) who has gone through nursing school and then on to advanced training. These advanced practice nurses safely provide anesthetics for surgeries all over the country. CRNAs are capable to administer all kinds of anesthetic. They are able to care for all operations in any setting. Usually they work with the surgeon and a chief Anesthesiologist who overseas multiple CRNAs.

The Salary of a CRNA ranges from $157,000-$214,000 with many job opportunities after 6-7 years of schooling on average.

Insurance/malpractice is different coverage for a nurse anesthetist compared to an anesthesiologist, the amount and price of coverage for CRNAs is been changing in the past couple of years.

Anesthesiologist

An anesthesiologist is a doctor who has completed college, then 4 years of med school and then a 4 year residency on average. They specialize in development of an anesthetic plan, administration of anesthetics, and preoperative care. Usually there are a couple Anesthesiologist in a hospital or one depending on the size, they oversea a team of assistant anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist.

The salary for Anesthesiologist starts around $300,000 and can earn upwards of $450,000 as experience grows. Many physicians also receive yearly bonuses.

Anesthesiologist also are eligible for malpractice and that cost around $21,000 yearly.

"Article: Supplemental Malpractice Insurance for CRNAs Employed by Hospitals and Groups." Article: Supplemental Malpractice Insurance for CRNAs Employed by Hospitals and Groups. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2016.

"ExploreHealthCareers.org." Nurse Anesthetist. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2016.

"Proposal to Allow Nurse Anesthetists to Work without Anesthesiologist Supervision." RNCollegescom. N.p., 24 Feb. 2014. Web. 16 Feb. 2016.

The Importance of Dentists In Society - Prompt #9 - Jake Hardin

I am sure most of you are wondering what a dentist actually does? Besides taking care of our overall dental health, there are quite a few things you may have not been aware of that a dentist partakes in or does that can make him/her a valuable member of society

Some of the things that dentists can be involved in are each of the following services listed below:

Oral Health Care

- Dentists can help repair damaged teeth caused by either accidents or disease

- Dentists help fix misaligned, crooked, cracked, missing, and badly spaced teeth with simple, but somewhat costly procedures such as braces and palate expanders.

Palate Expander

- Dentists can also replace lost or damaged teeth that are too messed up to fix through things like implants and dentures

- There are many different things dentists specialize in. Some are strictly orthodontics, while other could specialize in surgery or something along the lines of radiology. The reason some dentists are better/more experienced in their specific area is to give you, as the patient, the best possible care in regards to your specific needs

- Lastly, I'll note that having a healthy smile can bring great advantages to your overall well-being. Feeling more confident and being more productive as a member of society are just some of the Pros of keeping up with your dental hygiene.

Results of Dentures 

Detection of Diseases

- Most are unaware that oral health has a direct link to diseases and other illnesses such as diabetes and cancer. Dentists are usually able to detect early on before signs of symptoms if you are predisposed to getting a stroke

Research and Development

- As technology keeps getting more advanced, dentists have to stay ahead of the oral health care society needs, and as a result have to repeatedly modernize their skills through continuous research

Business Management and Leadership

- Besides from the mouth aspect of things, a dentist also has to manage his/her practice as an actual business, which means they have to be involved with everything from financial management to different marketing skills

- Dentists also have to hire/employ other workers specialized in oral health. (i.e. lab technicians, hygienists, assistants, and so on.)

Education

- Dentists educate us to make sure we are aware what general illnesses are common in our society as well as the basic facts about keeping your teeth/mouth clean and healthy

- Most of the time dentists get this information out to the public through TV and different advertisements (both online and not), as well as things like public speaking conventions

Why Dentists Are Needed

- Dentists are necessary for living a long and healthy life, without them readily available our expected age of living would drop and a lot more health problems would arise.

- When you don't take care of your mouth regularly and also avoid the advice of visiting the dentist then the consequences usually end with many different health problems, for example tooth decay. If you don't want to end up looking like the Scottish gentleman then I advice you to be proactive when it comes to tooth/mouth hygiene.

Citations:

Clinic Staff, Mayo. "Adult Health." Oral Health: A Window to Your Overall Health. N.p., 11 May               2013. Web. 13 Feb. 2016.

"Dentists: Doctors of Oral Health." Dentists: Doctors of Oral Health. American Dental Association,             n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2016.

Feinberg, Edward M. "Dental Health & Well-Being - Ed Feinberg, DMD - Scarsdale." Edward M.              Feinberg, D.M.D. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2016.

CAT Scans and the Pediatric Body- Diajah Williams

Kids and CAT Scans

About Medically Induced Radiation

Radiation exposure is becoming a huge issue in the medical world, especially for children. It leads to various types of cancers (in which it is positively correlated)  especially when the head is scanned. Tests that are used to help doctors see whats going on inside of children are ultimately hurting them and hurt them worse the younger they are. A very common radioactive method that is used on children's heads is the computed axial  tomography, or CAT, scan, which typically is utilized after trauma to the head. In this point in time, there is no method to reduce to radiation exposure to a child's head after having been through a CAT scan. Due to this fact, it is optimal to perform less CAT scans on children's heads because the lower the amount of scans, the less radiation exposure. 

Where a lot of doctors go wrong is when they distribute follow up CAT scans after mild head injury. The amount of radiation is too great per scan to perform such unnecessary test on a child's head Furthermore, new technology has increased the amount of slices, or images, that a CAT scanner can take per minute in an effort to produce clearer pictures. As more images are taken, the amount of radiation to the child's head increases dramatically. This is called a  multi slicer which supposedly gives clearer images for doctors to look at, leading to quicker and easier diagnosis'. While this may be true, the multi slicer isn't necessary, and does more damage than actual help in the long run.

Several studies have indicated different methods to reduce this harmful radiation; I looked into three of them and the summaries are as follows:

Study1

   Due to the radiation that computed tomography scans give off, the less that are performed, the safer, especially when it comes to the developing brain of a child. In this study researchers are questioning the necessity of repeated CT scans after mild head injuries if the patient shows improvement or is "neurologically unchanged". This means that if the head injury does anything but show signs of worsening in any manner, then a follow up CT scan should not be performed. This is relevant to my research question because it shows me how far scientists have been thinking in terms of reducing radiation in children's heads. 

     445 patients with mild head injury who had evidence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH)-- on an initial CT scan where put on observation by Dr Almenawer and his colleagues. After 24 hours, only 5.6 percent of the patients would need a follow up CT scan. Under normal circumstances, everyone, regardless of progress would get a followup. The patients who did not receive a follow up were still neurologically stable and had less exposure to the radiation. 

    This data shows us that CT scans aren't always necessary more than once however researchers are still finding other techniques to replace the follow up CT scan. 

    

    Study 2

    Radiation caused by CT scans of a child's head can be dangerous. In this study, researchers of the Lancet medical group are asking what are the effects of computed tomography scans on the pediatric head? This question means how are children who receive head injuries being effected by the CT scans that are being ran on them. This is relevant to my research question because it focuses exactly on radiation due to cat scans. 

    The Lancet researchers used the medical history from 180,000 children from 1985 to 2002 who have had CT Scans of the head. There they discovered that there were 74 cases of leukemia and 135 cases of brain cancer due to radiation. In further investigation, the scientists discovered that children under the age of 15 who go through 2-3 scans have triple the risk of brain cancer and 5-10 scans have triple the chance of leukemia compared to the general population. 

  This data shows us that there is an obvious radiation from the scans that can prove to be ultimately fatal to children. Scientists are continuing to ask the question if CT scans should be the first option availiable when it comes to scanning kids heads. 

Study 3

    The classic single slice CT scanner is now being challenged by the multi slice by researchers. The question asked by the scientists is which CT slice proves to be the most effective? This means which one is the better choice when performing CT scans on patients. This study is tied into my research question because it will help me decide which one is best to use in terms of radiation exposure. 

   Scientists Cynthia H. McCollough and Frank E. Zink compared the two types of CT slicers on several different levels such as radiation and slice sensitivity profiles, low-contrast and limiting spatial resolution,image uniformity and noise, .CT number and geometric accuracy, and dose As a result, they found that the new multi-slicer had clearer images and a huge reduction in exam time, but more radiation than the single slice.

        This data shows us that although some factors of the multi-slice makes it more effective, it s less effective in lessening radiation, which is the most important factor of them all for children. As a result, scientists are continuing to study how to make a multi-slicer less radioactive.

With more awareness of the situation, we can work towards finding a solution to these radiation epidemic. The more you know, the safer our kids will be in the end. 

*The links to these studies can be found by clicking the study title

Flint Water Crisis- Bradley Robinson

For the past couple of years in Flint, Michigan, the residents have begun testing positive to lead poisoning due to their water supply. Originally Flint received its water from the Detroit water system but in April of 2014 they began using the Flint River. The problem with this water system is it has very high levels of lead from the pipes and many other harmful chemicals still being discovered today. Residents of Flint have gotten many health complications from this, around 6,000-12,000 children have experienced a range of health issues, including brain damage. Flint Mayor has said that it will take around 55 million dollars to fix the issue with the pipes and has asked the Governor of Michigan to aid in raising these funds. So far 8 major law suits have been filed against the government for their involvement.

Personally this is a very serious problem, many people are getting affected by something they shouldn’t even have to think about. We use water everyday whether its cooking, cleaning, bathing, or eating we do not usually second think if this water is safe or not. The people of Flint do not have the safe water to drink or cook with and if they do use the water they have many serious problems can and will occur. This past Friday, February 5^th, I got to witness the crisis first hand as part of an athlete outreach program.

We spent a majority of the day in Flint passing out cases of water to anyone who could come and pick them up. Also we took recycling bins and handed out recycling bags to help generate awareness of the city’s poor recycling system. The biggest effect on me was seeing all the small children in the backseats of their parent’s car. Knowing that these kids struggle daily just to have clean drinking water really got to my heart. I was just glad I could help in any way and plan to do so in the future.

       "Flint Water Crisis: Mayor Says $55 Million Needed for Pipes - CNNPolitics.com." CNN. Cable News Network, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.

        "Flint Water Crisis | ACLU of Michigan." Flint Water Crisis | ACLU of Michigan. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2016.

         Football, Spartan. "Flint Native (running Back) Gerald Holmes Returned to His Hometown Fri. to Deliver Cases of Water & Recycling Bags. Pic.twitter.com/yeVcKBgXMr." Twitter. Twitter, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2016

Prompt #2: Defining Ethics (Nursing)- Bradley Robinson

The nurse practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and unique attributes of every person.

  

  




My Opinion:
The ethical code for nursing in my opinion should be common sense. My ethics reflect exactly from the code above, I believe that as a nurse your biggest responsibilities come from compassion and care. Each patient should be shown the same level of love and respect. Caring for each patient should be specialized and that should be the goal.

Public Perception:

There is a major belief in a shortage of nurses; this becomes a problem because it causes the nurses now to work long and difficult hours making their job that much harder.

 The public does not view nursing as a good job, some believe their ethics are unreachable due to the “bad” jobs they have to do, such as assisting them in the bathroom or giving them a bath (these being the least worst of the bad jobs).  Sadly nurses tend to get harsh or rude treatment and disrespect from the public. The lac of respect comes from the environment that people see the nurses in action, a hospital in most cases where the nurse works long difficult hours caring for patients in need. These patients family members are the ones that form the public opinion and the reason for it being bad is due to the fact that these people are in a sad state of mind because there loved one is hurt or sick. Part of the public does believe nurses follow their code of ethics, but sadly that is only 46% of the public that shows they are respected and follow a code. While 54% disagrees that nurses get respected.  Impact On Myself:

The nursing code of ethics definitely impacts me in a positive way, I agree with it and plan to practice it to the fullest. The public opinion will always be there and there is nothing I can do about it so I plan to work through it and as a professional try my best to change the perception of nursing.

Dutwin, David, PhD. "Public Perceptions of Nursing Careers: The Influence of the Media and          Nursing Shortages." Medscape Log In. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Feb. 2016.

Gomez, N. "Scope of Practice for Nephrology Nursing." Anna Nurse. N.p., n.d. Web.

Winland-Brown, Jill, Vicki D. Lachman, and Elizabeth O’Connor Swans. "The New ‘Code of Ethics for Nurses With Interpretive Statements’ (2015): Practical Clinical Application, Part I." Elizabeth O’Connor Swanson The New ‘Code of Ethics for Nurses With Interpretive Statements’ (2015): Practical Clinical Application, Part I (n.d.): n. pag. Nursing World. Web.